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Neapolitan pizza, or Pizza Napoletana?
Neapolitan pizza, or "Pizza Napoletana," represents the purest form of pizza-making, originating in Naples, Italy. So significant is this style that it received UNESCO cultural heritage status in 2017, recognizing its unique preparation method and cultural importance.
The Dough: Foundation of Excellence Authentic Neapolitan pizza dough follows strict guidelines set by the Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (AVPN). It consists of only four ingredients: type 00 flour (highly refined with extremely fine texture), water, salt, and yeast. The dough must be mixed and kneaded by hand or with approved mixers, then allowed to rise for 8-24 hours. This long fermentation develops complex flavors and creates a light, digestible crust.
The hydration level typically ranges between 55-62%, creating a workable dough that produces a tender, airy crust. When stretched, the dough must be no more than 3mm thick in the center, formed entirely by hand – no rolling pins allowed. Traditionally, pizzaioli (pizza makers) use a slapping technique between their hands to stretch the dough, a skill that takes years to master.
Traditional Varieties Two classic varieties define Neapolitan pizza:
Marinara: The simpler version, topped with tomatoes, garlic, oregano, and olive oil
Margherita: Featuring tomatoes, fresh mozzarella, basil, and olive oil
Legend says the Margherita was created in 1889 to honor Queen Margherita of Italy, with toppings representing the colors of the Italian flag: red (tomatoes), white (mozzarella), and green (basil).
The Art of Assembly Each component must meet specific criteria:
Tomatoes must be either fresh, ripe local tomatoes or San Marzano DOP tomatoes from the Sarno Valley
Mozzarella must be either Fior di Latte (cow's milk) or Mozzarella di Bufala Campana DOP (buffalo milk)
Extra virgin olive oil is the only acceptable oil
Fresh basil leaves must be added only at the end of cooking
The Cooking Process Perhaps the most crucial element is the cooking method. Authentic Neapolitan pizza must be cooked in a wood-fired dome oven at approximately 900°F (485°C) for no more than 90 seconds. The intense heat creates the characteristic leopard-spotted char pattern on the crust, known as "leopardatura." The quick cooking time ensures the toppings remain fresh and vibrant while the crust develops its signature combination of crispy exterior and soft, chewy interior.
Distinctive Characteristics A properly made Neapolitan pizza exhibits several key features:
The center is soft and elastic, often requiring a knife and fork to eat
The crust (cornicione) should be puffy and charred in spots
When cut, the sauce should not run off the pizza
The bottom should show even cooking with small dark spots
The pizza should measure approximately 12 inches in diameter
Modern Influence While traditional Neapolitan pizza maintains its strict standards, it has inspired countless variations worldwide. Modern pizzerias often adapt the techniques and principles while introducing contemporary ingredients and methods. However, true AVPN-certified pizzerias must adhere to specific guidelines, including the use of approved ingredients and equipment.
The influence of Neapolitan pizza extends beyond just its preparation method. It represents a philosophy of simplicity, quality, and respect for ingredients. This approach has shaped modern artisanal pizza-making globally, inspiring a return to traditional methods and high-quality ingredients even in non-Neapolitan styles.
Today, finding authentic Neapolitan pizza outside Naples is increasingly possible, thanks to organizations like the AVPN that certify pizzerias worldwide. These establishments must pass rigorous inspections and maintain strict standards, ensuring that this culinary tradition continues to thrive while maintaining its integrity.
The enduring appeal of Neapolitan pizza lies in its simplicity and the skill required to execute it perfectly. It stands as a testament to the idea that sometimes the simplest foods, when made with excellence and care, can be the most satisfying and enduring.
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